In the 19th century, inventors mechanized the laundry process with hand-operated washing machines. Most involved turning a handle to move paddles inside a tub that sat on legs with a hand-operated mangle on top. Some used an electrically powered agitator to replace hand rubbing against a washboard. Later, mangles were also electrically powered. Laundry drying, like washing, also became mechanized with spinning perforated tubs that blew heated air rather than water. Read more about toiling in a Chinese laundry 100 years ago in Tazia and Gemma (see NOVELS).
